Old cemeteries as refuge of the steppe flora in Southern Ukraine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32999/ksu1990-553X/2021-17-3-1Keywords:
Lower Dnieper, steppe, cultural heritage sites, vascular plants, flora, sozophytes, in situ.Abstract
Changes in natural landscapes and economic activities lead to the loss of a large proportion of the steppes. Recent studies (2008–2017) have demonstrated the high importance of old cemeteries, that contribute to the preservation of steppe red-listed steppe species. The area of the old cemeteries of the Lower Dnieper varies from 0.43 ha to 6.79 ha. The list of vascular plants from 10 cemeteries of the Lower Dnieper region includes 388 species belonging to 226 genera, 62 families, 3 classes and 2 divisions. The total number of species within cemetery varied from 104 to 217 (on average 153 species). In old cemeteries of the studied region, rare steppe species have survived, although steppe vegetation is preserved where there are fragments of virgin and unploughed steppes around the cemeteries, near old villages or cities. 22 protected vascular plant species were found in the studied old cemeteries (5.65 % of the total species pool). Five of these are included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine: Astragalus henningii, Stipa capillata, Stipa lessingiana, Stipa ucrainica, Tulipa biebersteiniana. 17 species of vascular plants are included in the Red List of the Kherson region: Amygdalus nana, Bellevalia sarmatica, Centaurea trichocephalla, Convallaria majalis, Dianthus andrzejowskianus, Elytrigia pseudocaesia, Ephedra distachya, Fraxinus excelsior, Iris halophila, Limonium platyphyllum, Linaria macroura, Muscari neglectum, Peucedanum ruthenicum, Prangos odontalgica, Quercus robur, Veronica capsellicarpa, Vinca herbacea.
References
ARKUSHYNA H.F. (2003a). About rare species of plants in the flora of cemeteries of Kirovograd. Science and education. Materials of the International research and practice conference, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, 2003: 3–4. (in Ukrainian)
ARKUSHYNA H. F. (2003b). Synanthropic flora of cemeteris city Kіrovograd. Faltsfeinivski chytannia: 24–26. (in Ukrainian)
ARKUSHYNA H.F. (2007). Urban flora of Kirovograd. PhD thesis. Yalta: Nikitskiy botanical garden of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences. (in Ukrainian) AYSEL U., EMIN B., ELMAS E. (2009). Ecological concerns over cemeteries. African Journal of Agricultural Res., 4 (13): 1505–1511.
BARRETT G.W., BARRETT T.L. (2001). Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conserv. Biol., 15 (6): 1820–1824.
BESARABCHUK I., VOLHIN, S. (2017). Zoning of the city of Lutsk for comparative urban floristic research. Scientific Bulletin of the Lesia Ukrainka East European National Univers., 7 (357): 61–67. (in Ukrainian)
BHAGWAT S.A. (2009). Ecosystem services and sacred natural sites: reconciling material and non-material values in nature conservation. Environ., 18 (4): 417–427.
BHAGWAT S.A., RUTTE C. (2006). Sacred groves: potential for biodiversity management. Front. Ecol. Environ., 4 (10): 519–524.
BRANDT J.S., WOOD E.M., PIDGEON A.M., HAN L.X., FANG Z., RADELOFF V.C. (2013). Sacred forests are keystone structures for forest bird conservation in southwest China's Himalayan Mountains. Biol. Conserv., 166: 34–42.
BROWN N., BHAGWAT S., WATKINSON S. (2006). Macrofungal diversity in fragmented and disturbed forests of the Western Ghats of India. Appl. Ecol., 43 (1): 11–17.
BURDA R.Y, HUMECH B.C. (1988). Anthropogenic transformation of the urban flora of the city of Zhdanov for last century. Plant introduct. and acclimat., 10: 9–14. (in Ukrainian)
BURKOVSKYI O.P., VASYLIUK O.V., YENA A.V., KUZEMKO A.A., MOVCHAN Y.I., MOYSIYENKO I.I., SIRENKO I.P. (2013). Ostanni stepy Ukrayiny: buty chy ne buty? Kyiv: Geoprint, 38 p. (in Ukrainian)
ČANÁDY A.L. (2017). Public cemetery as a biodiversity hotspot for birds and mammals in the urban environment of Kosice city (Slovakia). Zool. Ecol., 27 (3): 185–195. doi: 10.1080/21658005.2017.1366024
CELKA Z. (2011). Relics of cultivation in the vascular flora of medieval West Slavic settlements and castles. Biodiv. Res. Conserv., 22: 1–110.
CHERVONYI SPYSOK KHERSONSKOI OBLASTI (2013). Rishenia XXVI sesii Khersonskoi oblasnoi rady VI sklykannia № 893 vid 13.11.2013. Kherson: 13 p. (in Ukrainian)
CREMENE C., GROZA G., RAKOSY L., SCHILEYKO A.A., BAUR A., ERHARDT A., BAUR B. (2005). Alterations of steppe-like grasslands in eastern Europe: a threat to regional biodiversity hotspots. Conserv. Biol., 19 (5): 1606–1618.
DAYNEKO P.M. (2019). Species richness of vascular plants on the ancient settlements of the Lower Dnieper. Biology: from a molecule up to the biosphere. Materials of the XIV International Young Scientists Conference, Kharkiv, 27–29 November, 2019: 147–149.
DEÁK B., TÖLGYESI C., KELEMEN A., BÁTORI Z., GALLÉ R., BRAGINA T.M., YERKIN A.I., VALKÓ O. (2018). The effects of micro-habitats and grazing intensity on the vegetation of burial mounds in the Kazakh steppes. Plant Ecol. Divers., 10: 509–520. DEÁK B., TÓTHMÉRÉSZ B., VALKÓ O., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I., BRAGINA T.M., APOSTOLOVA I., DEMBICZ I., BYKOV N.I., TÖRÖK P. (2016). Cultural monuments and nature conservation: a review of the role of kurgans in the conservation and restoration of steppe vegetation. Biodivers. Conserv., 25 (3): 1–18.
DEÁK B., VALKÓ O., NAGY D.D., TÖRÖK P., TORMA A., LŐRINCZI G., KELEMEN A., NAGY A., BEDE Á., MIZSER S.Z., CSATHÓ A.I., TÓTHMÉRÉSZ B. (2020). Habitat islands outside nature reserves – threatened biodiversity hotspots of grassland specialist plant and arthropod species. Biological Conserv, 241: 108–254.
DEÁK B., KOVÁCS B., RÁDAI Z., APOSTOLOVA I., KELEMEN A., KISS R., LUKÁCS K., PALPURINA S., SOPOTLIEVA D., BÁTHORI F., VALKÓ O. (2021). Linking environmental heterogeneity and plant diversity: the ecological role of small natural features in homogeneous landscapes. Science of the Total Environment, 763: 144199. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144199
DEMBICZ I., MOYSIYENKO I., KOZUB Ł., DENGLER J., ZAKHAROVA M., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B. (2020). Steppe islands in a sea of fields: where island biogeography meets the reality of a severely transformed landscape. J. Veg. Sci.: e12930. doi: 10.1111/jvs.12930
EREMENKO YU.A. (2013). City cemeteries as places of distribution of adventive scrub species. Plants and urbanization. Materials of III international research and practice conference, Dnepropetrovsk, 19–20 march, 2013: 12. (in Ukrainian)
FUDALI E. (2001). The ecological structure of the bryoflora of wroclaw's parks and cemeteries in relation to their localization and origin. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol,. 70 (3): 229–235.
GALERA H., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., LISOWSKA M. (1993). Flora cmentarzy lewobrzeżnej Warszawy na tle flory miasta. Fragmenta Florist. et Geobot., 38 (1): 237–261. (in Polish)
GAO H., OUYANG Z., CHEN S., VAN KOPPEN C.S.A. (2013). Role of culturally protected forests in biodiversity conservation in Southeast China. Biodivers. Conserv., 22 (2): 531–544.
GEOBOTANICAL ZONING OF THE UKRANINAN SSR (1977). Lavrenko E.M. (ed). Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 306 p. (in Ukrainian)
GERASIMYUK N.V. (2014). Spring flora of cemeteries of Odessa biological. Bull. of Melitopol St. Ped.l Unnamed after Bogdan Khmel., 4 (1): 170–181. (in Ukrainian)
GOOGLE EARTH PRO. URL: https://www.google.com.ua/intl/uk/earth/; [25/08/2021].
HAMULIA YU.H., ZVIAHYNTSEVA K.A. (2010). Features of zoning of habitats of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in Kharkov. The Jour. of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: biol., 11 (905): 43–54. (in Russian)
HAWKSWORTH D.L., MCMANUS P.M. (1989). Lichen recolonization in London under conditions of rapidly falling sulphur dioxide levels, and the concept of zone skipping. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 100 (2): 99–109.
HOLDEN M.H., MCDONALD-MADDEN E. (2017). Conservation from the grave: human burials to fund the conservation of threatened species. Conserv. Lett., 11 (1): 1–4. HUBAR L.M. (2006). Urban flora of the eastern part of Maly Polissya. PhD thesis Kyiv: M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany. (in Ukrainian)
KASIANENKO O.YE. (ed). (1972). Istoriia mist i sil Ukrainskoi RSR: V 26 t. Khersonska oblast. Kyiv: Instytut Istorii, 688p. (in Ukrainian)
KOCIAN L., NEMETHOVA D., MELICHEROVA D., MATUSHKOVA A. (2003). Breeding bird communities in three cemeteries in the City of Bratislava (Slovakia). Folia Zool., 52 (2): 177–188.
KORNAŚ J. (1981). Oddziaływanie człowieka na florę: mechanizmy i konsekwencje. Wiadomości Botaniczne, 25 (3): 165–182.
KUSHNYR O.A. (2004). Dendroflora of State Historical-Memorial Lukyanivskiy Reserve. Scientific Bulletin. Reserve Management in Galychyna, Podolia, and Volhynia, 14 (8): 293–296. (in Ukrainian)
KUSHNYR O.A. (2006). Bioecological features of plants and formation of design shrubs in cemeteries. DSc thesis Kyiv: National Agrarian University. (in Ukrainian)
LISOWSKA M., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA, GALERA H. (1994). Flora cmentarzy lewobrzeżnej Warszawy – wybrane aspekty analizy siedliskowej. Fragm. Flor. Geobot., Ser. Polonica, 1: 19–31. (in Polish) LÖKI V., DEÁK B., LUKÁCS A.B., MOLNÁR V.A. (2019a). Biodiversity potential of burial places – a review on the flora and fauna of cemeteries and churchyards. Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 18: 1–14 doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00614. LÖKI V., MOLNÁR V.A., SÜVEGES K., HEIMEIER H., TAKÁCS A., NAGY T., FEKETE R., LOVAS-KISS Á., KREUTZ K.C., SRAMKÓO G., TÖKÖLYI, J. (2019b). Predictors of conservation value of Turkish cemeteries: a case study using orchids. Landsc. Urban Plann., 186: 36–44. LÖKI V., TÖKÖLYI J., SÜVEGES K., LOVAS-KISS Á., HÜRKAN K., SRAMKÓ G., MOLNÁR V.A. (2015). The orchid flora of Turkish graveyards: a comprehensive field survey. Willdenowia, 45 (2): 231–243.
LUNIAK M. (1981). The birds of the park habitats in Warsaw. Acta Ornithol., 18 (6): 1–40.
LUSSENHOP J. (1977). Urban cemeteries as bird refuges. Cond., 79 (4): 456–461.
MALTSEVA C.YU. (2019). Urban flora of the south-western part of the Northern Priazovye (for example, Berdyansk, Primorsk, Henichesk). PhD thesis. Kyiv: M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden. (in Ukrainian)
MAPS OF SCHUBERT. (1965). Etomesto – old maps online. URL: http://www.etomesto.ru/shubert/
MAP OF THE CRIMEA PUBLISHED BY KORABLEV AND SIRYAKOV (1855). Etomesto – old maps online. URL: http://www.etomesto.ru/map-krym_1855-korablev-siryakov/
MAP OF THE KHERSON DISTRICT OF THE KHERSON PROVINCE (1910). Etomesto - old maps online. URL: http://www.etomesto.ru/map-ukraine_kherson_khersonskiy-uezd-1910/
MARYNYCH O.M., SHYSHCHENKO P.G. (2005). Fizychna Heohrafiia Ukrainy. Kyiv, 511p. (in Ukrainian)
MELNYK R.P. (2001). Urbanoflora of Mykolaiev. PhD thesis. Yalta: Nikitskiy Botanical Garden of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences. (in Ukrainian)
MOLNÁR V.A., TAKÁCS A., MIZSEI E., LÖKI V., BARINA Z., SRAMKÓ G., TÖKÖLYI J. (2017). Religious differences affect orchid diversity of Albanian graveyards. Pakistan J. Bot,. 49 (1): 289–303.
MOYSIYENKO I.I. (1999). Urban flora of Kherson. PhD thesis. Yalta: Nikitskiy Botanical Garden of Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences. (in Ukrainian)
MOYSIYENKO I.I. (2013). Floristic diversity and taxonomic structure of the flora of the Pivnichne Prychornomoria (Northern Black Sea Coastal Plain). Chornomors’k. bot. z., 9 (1): 41–56. (In Ukrainian)
MOYSIYENKO I.I., DAYNEKO P.M. (2019). The role of the Old-Swedish hillfort in phytodiversity conservation. Advances in Botany and Ecology. Materials of the International Conference of Young Scientists, Kharkiv, 06–09 September, 2019: 38.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., DAYNEKO P.M., ZACHWATOWICZ M., DEMBICZ I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B. (2019). An annotated list of the flora of the projected botanical reserve «Staroshvedsky» (Kherson region, Ukraine). Chornomors’k. bot. z., 15 (2): 185–201. (In Ukrainian)
MOYSIYENKO I.I., DEMBICZ I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., ZACHWATOWICZ M., KUNS B., ZAKHAROVA M. (2018). Ancient settlements as refuges for steppe flora in southern Ukraine. Vegetation survey 90 years after the publication of Braun-Blanquet’s textbook – new challenges and concepts Materials of the 27th Congress of the European Vegetation Survey, Wrocław (Poland), 23–26 May, 2018: 13.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B. (2006). The Flora of Kurgans in the Desert Steppe Zone of Southern Ukraine. Chornomors'k. bot. z., 2 (1): 5–35.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B. (2009). Flora of kurgans in the Pontic herb(-rich) grass steppe zone in Ukraine. Chornomorsk. bot. z., 5 (3): 333–369.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., DEMBICZ I., SHAPOSHNIKOVA A. (2015). Preservation of phytodiversity on the kurgans. Scriptorium nostrum, 1–2: 261–280.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., ZACHWATOWICZ M., DEMBICZ I., ZAKHAROVA М., KUNS B. (2017). Materials of 14th Eurasian Grassland Conference (annual conference of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group of the International Association for Vegetation Science),Old cemeteries as objects of preservation of steppe phytodiveristy, 4–11 July 2017 Riga (Latvi) and Western Lithuania), 2017: 42.
MOYSIYENKO I.I., ZACHWATOWICZ M., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., JABŁOŃSKA E. (2014). Kurgans help to protect endangered steppe species in the Pontic grass steppe zone, Ukraine. Wulfenia, 21: 83–94. MOYSIYENKO І.І. (1997). Flora of Kherson cemeteries. Problems of botany and mycology on the threshold of the third millennium. Proceedings of the X Congress of the Ukrainian Botanical Society, Kyiv-Poltava, 1997: 39–40. (in Ukrainian)
MOYSIYENKO І.І., DAYNEKO P.M., SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., DEMBICZ I., ZACHWATOWICZ M., ZAKHAROVA M.YA. (2020). Conspectus of old settlements flora of the Lower Dnipro. Chornomors’k. bot. z., 16 (1): 6–39. doi: 10.32999/ksu1990-553X/2020-16-1-1
MOSYAKIN S.L., FEDORONCHUK M.M. (1999) Vascular plants of Ukraine. A nomenclatural checklist. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 346 p. NOWIŃSKA R., CZARNA A., KOZŁOWSKA M. (2020). Cemetery types and the biodiversity of vascular plants – a case study from south-eastern Poland. Urban For. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 49: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126599 NOWIŃSKA R., KOZŁOWSKA M., CZARNA A. (2010). Vascular flora diversity in Roztocze cemeteries. Acta Societatis Botanic. Poloniae, 79 (1): 50. NOWIŃSKA R., KOZŁOWSKA M., CZARNA A. (2019). Implications of the richness of cemetery vascular plant flora for native biodiversity. Międzynarodowe Colloquium Biometryczne. Siedlce, 8–12 Września, 2019: 17–19. ÖRSTAN A. (2004). Cemeteries as refuges for native land snails in Istanbul, Turkey. Tentac., 12: 11–12. ÖRSTAN A., KÖSEMEN M. (2009). Graves and snails: biodiversity conservation in an old cemetery in Istanbul, Turkey. Trit., 19: 40–41.
PEARSON T.G. (1915). Cemeteries as Bird Sanctuaries. National Association of Audubon Societies, Circular 2.
PRESTON D.J. (1972). Wye Oak: the History of a Great Tree. Tidewater Publishers, Cambridge MD. 135 p.
PROTOPOPOVA V.V. (1991) Sinantropnaya flora Ukrainyi i puti ee razvitiya. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 204 p. (in Ukrainian)
QGIS 3.16 HANNOVER. URL: https://www.qgis.org/ru/site/forusers/; [25/08/2021]. RAUNKIAER C. (1934). The life-forms of plants and statistical plant geography. University Press, Oxford, 632 p.
RED DATA BOOK OF UKRAINE. Vegetable Kingdom (2009). Didukh Ya.P. (ed). Кyiv: Globalconsaltyng, 912 p. (in Ukrainian)
ISTORIIA MIST I SIL UKRAINSKOI RSR: V 26 t. Khersonska oblast (1972). KASIANENKO O. YE. (ed) Kyiv: Instytut Istorii, 688 p. (in Ukrainian)
SCHMIDT V.M. (1980). Statistical methods in comparative floristry. Leningrad: Leningrad. University, 176 p. (in Russian)
SCHMIDT V.M. (1984). Mathematical Methods in Botany. Leningrad: Leningrad. University, 288 p. (in Russian)
SHELYAG-SOSONKO YU.R., DIDUKH YA.P. (1975). On the state and prospects of the study of the flora of Ukraine. Botan. zhurn., 60 (8): 1134–1141. (in Russian)
SIGIEL-DOPIERALA A., JAGODZINSKI A.M. (2011). Materials to the vascular flora of the neglected Evangelical cemeteries of the western part of the Drawsko Landscape Park (Poland). Rocz. AR Pozn. Botanika-Steciana, 15: 57–64.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I. (2006). The Flora of Kurgans in the West Pontic Grass Steppe Zone of Southern Ukraine. Chornomors'k. bot. z., 2 (2): 14–44.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I. (2010). Flora of kurgans in the forest steppe zone in Ukraine. Chornomors’k. bot. z., 6 (2): 162–199.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I., ZACHWATOWICZ M., JABŁOŃSKA E. (2011). The value and need for protection of kurgan flora in the anthropogenic landscape of steppe zone in Ukraine. Plant Biosystems, 145 (3): 638–653.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., GALERA H. (2005). Floristic differences in some anthropogenic habitats in Warsaw. Ann. Bot. Fenn,. 42: 185–193.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I. (2006). The flora of kurgans in the West Pontic Grass steppe zone of Southern Ukraine. Chornomors'k. bot. z., 2 (2): 14–44.
SUDNIK-WÓJCIKOWSKA B., MOYSIYENKO I.I. (2011). Anthropogenic elements of the Ukrainian landscape and the problem of local steppe restoration. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Lublin-Polon., 66: 85–103.
SUKHANOVA O.A. (2010). Dendroflora of Baykovoe Cemetery. Scientific Bulletin of National University of Biological Resources and Nature Man., 152 (1): 180–184
TAN M.K. (2012). Orthoptera of the exhumed Bidari cemetery, Singapore. Nat. Singap., 5: 343–350.
TAN M.K., YEO H., HASNAN S., WOON S.Z.S., WU B. (2013). A rapid comparsion of the orthoptera communities of Bukit Brown cemetery and lornie trail of the central catchment nature reserve, Singapore. Nat. Singap., 6: 97–103.
TANAŚ S. (2008). Przestrzeń turystyczna cmentarzy. Wstęp do tanatoturystyki. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 215 p. (in Polish)
TREWHELLA W.J., RODRIGUEZ-CLARK K.M., CORP N., ENTWISTLE A., GARRETT S.R.T., GRANEK E., LENGEL K.L., RABOUDE, M.J., REASON P.F., SEWALL B.J. (2005). Environmental education as a component of multidisciplinary conservation programs: lessons from conservation initiatives for critically endangered fruit bats in the western Indian Ocean. Conserv. Biol., 19 (1): 75–85.
TRZASKOWSKA E., KARCZMARZ K. (2013). Spontaneous vascular flora of selected cemeteries in Lublin and the surrounding area. Acta Agrobot., 66 (2): 107–122.
TOLMACHEV A.V. (1974). Introduction to plant geography. Leningrad: Leningrad. University, 244 p. (in Russian)
VALKÓ O., TÓTH K., KELEMEN A., MIGLÉCZ T., RADÓCZ S., SONKOLY J., TÓTHMÉRÉSZ B., TÖRÖK P., DEAK B. (2018). Cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation-plant introduction and practical restoration on ancient burial mounds. Nat. Conserv., 24: 65–80.
VALLEJO B.M., ALOY A.B., ONG P.S. (2009). The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila's last greenspaces. Landsc. Urban Plann., 89 (3): 75–85.
VASYLIEVA-NEMERTSALOVA T.V. (1996). Synanthrope Flora of dock-site cities of NorthWestern Black Sea area and its development DSc thesis. Kyiv: M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany. (in Ukrainian)
VERSCHUUREN B., WILD R., MCNEELY J., OVIEDO G. (EDS.). (2010). Sacred Natural Sites: Conserving Nature and Culture. Earthscan, London & Washington DC, 328 p.
VICKERY J.A., FEBER R.E., FULLER R.J. (2009). Arable field margins managed for biodiversity conservation: a review of food resource provision for farmland birds. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 133 (1-2): 1–13.
VILLASEСOR N.R., ESCOBAR M.A.H. (2019). Cemeteries and biodiversity conservation in cities: how do landscape and patch-level attributes influence bird diversity in urban park cemeteries? Urban Ecosyst., 22 (6): 1037–1046.
ZAVIALOVA L.V. (2010). Systematic structure of urbanoflora Chernihov. Ukr. Botan. Journ., 67 (1): 71–78. (in Ukrainian)
