Comparative and morphological analysis of flower’s features, such as peculiarities of calyx and corolla (the form and sizes of their hole parts and lobes), stamens (their lengthe, sizes of anthers and widened parts of stamens filaments) and pistil (the lengthe of its style and size of pistil) of four species (С. rotundifolia, С. kladniana, С. polymorpha, С. serrata) from subsection Heterophylla (Nym.) Fed. of genus Campanula L. in the flora of Ukraine were studied. The common features (the form and sizes of calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil), and specific ones (relation of lengthes of calyx’s and corolla’s lobes and their inseparable parts) have been revealed. The seria Кladnianеaе Dremliuga (ser. nov. prov.) has been offered for description. 

The results given in this paper represent a study of vegetation dynamics and stratigraphy of relict landform swamps at the basin of river Stviga within Ukraine and Belarus.

Boloto swamp complex is located in the administrative district Rokytnivskyi, Rivne region (Ukraine) and we identified its origin as interdune on the basis of the stratigraphic profile. Ecological succession occurring in the vegetation in recent decades indicates significant changes in the hydrological balance of the area as a whole and in particular Boloto swamp complex, regardless of the reserve status of the territory.

Explored swamp complexes Nivne and Zabrodishche located within Lelchitsky, Zhitkovsky and Stolinsky districts of Gomel and Brest regions respectively (Republic of Belarus) are characterized by their vegetation as mezooligotrophic. Stratigraphic profiles of these swamps with 3,0–3,25 m maximum thickness of peat deposits, presence of sapropel and their basin characteristics point out their origin. Predominance of mesotrophic species in vegetation in combination with oligotrophic group peat indicate that oligotrophic stage of swamp development is of relatively recent character.

The presented materials essentially supplement the available information about the features of marsh complexes of river Stviga, they must be considered in the development of economic and environmental activities in the region.

The functional features of leaf ecophysiology and ecomorphology of native and introduced of Campanula species in culture in the Ukraine steppe for the detection of their adaptive traits were studied. The study was performed with the use of modern methods, comparison parameters of leaf species groups conducted using test ANOVA. The influence of climatic factors of natural habitat of species on the functional ecomorphology of leaf and successful their introduction was revealed. Species of Campanula from warmer habitats are characterized greater the leaf width of both formations and the petiole length of rosette leaf. Species differ more in weight of rosette leaves from more humid regions, cauline leaf – from warmer regions with high evaporation. It was found that species from drier warmer regions with high evaporation of rainfall have low specific leaf area (SLA) and high values of m₁/m of cauline leaf. The successful introduction of Campanula species in the Ukraine steppe increased in plants from arid habitats with high variation of evaporation, difference of precipitation and evaporation, duration of the period with temperatures above 10°C. Thus confirming the importance of eco-biological features of species in their adaptation to new environmental conditions.

Compared with resistant species (group V) petrophytes of midland and subalpine zones (II), species of forests and meadows (III) and forests species (IV) have a smaller petiole diameter rosette leaves (dp), hence smaller hydraulic conductivity of leaf petiole, but in the conditions of introduction petrophytes accumulate despite this, more water through transpiration regulation, forest species – less. Petrophytes of midland and subalpine zones and species of forests and meadows are more specific leaf area (SLA) of cauline leaf, forests species – higher SLA of different formations. Species of these groups are adapted to arid conditions due to the high photosynthetic energy use efficiency (PEUE), water use efficiency (WUE) as their low. Species of forests and meadows compared with alpine and forest species accumulate large amounts of water in the rosette leaves, however, compared with the first to have lower efficiency of its use, as compared to the second more. Alpine species compared with petrophytes of midland and subalpine zones and species of forests and meadows characterized by high the maximum photosynthesis (Amax) and photosynthetic energy use efficiency (PEUE) cauline leaves; compared with the first have a greater hydraulic conductivity of leaf petiole and adapted to the new conditions of changes in epidermal-stomatal complex of rosette leaves, which increases water use efficiency (WUE) in the spring.

The paper deals with the results of comparative and structural analysis of Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea class of coenoflora of Ukraine. For its realization the database of geobotanical releves made by Brawn-Blanquet method, published and kindly placed by A.A. Kuzemko and L.M. Borsukevich was used.

It is defined that the coenoflora of the studied class is distinguished by specific wealth and numbers of 635 species that belong to 298 genera and 79 families. A spectrum of the principal families consists of Asteraceae (71 species, 11 %), Cyperaceae (69 species, 10,8 %), Poaceae (61 species, 9,6 %), Apiaceae (28 species, 4,4 %), Ranunculaceae (25, 4,1 %), Lamiaceae (23, 3,9 %), Polygonaceae (22, 3,5 %), Scrophulariaceae (22, 3,5 %), Brassicaceae (21, 3,4 %) and Fabaceae (20 species, 3,3 %). Monocotyledonous are 212 (33,4 %) species, dicotyledonous are 403 (63,5 %). Acidophytes prevail quantitatively (254, 40%) as well as neitrophytes (253, 39,8 %), mesophytes belong to considerable part (187, 29,4 %) and hygromesophytes (139, 21,9 %), hygrophytes are a little less (118, 18,6 %). Among the biomorfa the cryptophytes (269, 42,4 %) and hemicryptophites (236, 37,2 %) prevail quantitatively. In the chorological zonal spectrum boreo-meridional (111, 17,5 %) and boreo-submeridional species (139, 20,6 %) prevail quantitatively, in the regional – hemicosmopolithians (141, 22,2 %), circumpolar (100, 15,7 %), Euro-Asian (130, 20,5 %) and European species (110, 17,3 %) also prevail. Composition of coenoflora includes 264 species: 38 are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, 251 species are included in the Regional Red Lists. Coenoflora of the class consists of 1 species of the European Red List (Astrantia major L.). The biggest ammount of the rare species (56, 21 %) belongs to arcto-submeridional and boreo-submeridional (52, 19,7 %) groups, 62 (23,5 %) species of hemicosmopolithians, 59 (22,4 %) of Euroasian species, 50 (18,9 %) of European. Hygromesophytes are dominant (60, 22,7 %). By the acid regime the subacidophyles and neutrophyles prevail, i.e. 266 species (41,9 %) and 242 species (38,1 %) accordingly, acidophyles are less – 95 (15 %).

Concerning generalized salt regime the semieuthophs prevail – 288 species (45,4 %), mesothophs include 140 species (22,1 %) and eutrophic plants –131 (20,6 %).

By the content of carbonates in the soil the hemicarbonatophobes there are 332 species (52,3 %), acarbonatophyles are twice less, i.e. 183 (28,8 %).

By content of nitrogen available forms the heminitrophyles and nitrophyles prevail – 249 species (39,2 %) and 245 (38,6 %) accordingly.

In the coenoflora composition 141 synanthropous species are identified. Among them there are species of the local flora – apophytes 98 (69,5 %) and 43 (30,5 %) of adventive species. Among them there are 25 (58 %) kenophytes, i.e. alien and recently included. And 18 (42 %) archeophytes, i.e. alien species included quite long ago. These species mainly are of Mediterranean and Northern-American origin.

It is identified that the most quantity of species is marked in the Magno-Caricetalia order – 595 (94 %), 400 (63 %) species abelong to the Phragmitetalia australis order, 391 (62 %) – to the Nasturtio-Glycerietalia, and the least 251 (40 %) species – to the Oenanthetalia aquaticae order.

The problems of plant communities representativeness of the class in the nature conservation of Ukrainian fund econet and ways of protection of its coenoflora are also analyzed.

The data about 52 species of lichens and 9 species of lichenicolous fungi of National Nature Park “Oleschkivs`ki pisky” are given. 51 from them are new for this territory. Lichenicolous fungus Homostegia piggotii Berk. et Broome – is a new species for plain part of Ukraine. The species are arranged on the reserve areas “Burkuty” (54 species) and “Radenske” (36 species), as well as ecology with substrate characters.

On the basis of the frequency of occurrence of bryophytes in Kharkiv region 60 species and varieties can be classified as rare, 73 as relatively rare and 75 as common species on this territory. The belonging to the class Sphagnopsida and the lack of sporophytes and vegetative propagules are positively associated with local rarity, while the belonging to pleurocarpous  mosses, the growth form of mats, the monoicy and the sporophyte production are negatively associated. Up-to-date natural reserve fund provides protection of localities of 176 species, of which only 36 are locally rare. The habitats with high relative proportion of rare bryophyte species as sphagnum bogs and chalk outcrops are presented insufficiently in the NRF and their number should be increased.

It is established that 11 species of liverworts which belong to 10 genera, 9 families, 6 orders, 2 classes are involved in formation of briocenoses. According to ecological and floristic classification on the basis of Braun and Blanquet’smethod  they are presented in the composition of 8 classes, 12 orders, 16 unions, 29 associations and 1 subassociation, 15 unranked groups of  moss vegetation. They are Marchantia polymorpha L., Riccia glauca L., Metzgeria furcata (L.) Dumort., Ptilidium pulcherrimum (Weber) Vainio, Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.) Dumort., L. minor Nees, Plagiochyla porelloides (Torr. еx Nees) Lindenb., Cephaloziella rubella (Nees) Warnst., Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff., Frullania dilatata (L.) Dumort., Radula complanata (L.) Dumort. Their role in the formation of briocenoses briocoenose is various. Liverworts are presented either as the diagnostic species of syntaxons or as their minor components. The diagnostic species of classes are Lophocolea heterophylla (class Cladonio digitatae-Lepidozietea reptantis Jez. &Vondr. 1962), Metzgeria furcata, Plagiochylla porelloides (Neckeretea complanatae Marst. 1986), Frullania dilatata, Radula complanata (Frullanio dilatatae-Leucodontetea sciuroidis Mohan 1978 em. Marst . 1985). Liverworts Lophocolea heterophylla, Porella platyphylla, Ptilidium pulcherrimum are the diagnostic species of corresponding associations: Lophocoleo heterophyllaе-Dolichothecetum seligeri Phil. 1965, Homalothecio sericei-Porelletum platyphyllae Stǿrm ex Duda 1951, Madotheco platyphyllae-Leskeelletum nervosae (Gams 1927) Barkm. 1958, Ptilidio pulcherrimi-Hypnetum reptile Gapon 2010.The majority of the identified species are the diagnostic species of orders, unions, and subassociations andunranked groups. Only Lophocolea minor, Cephaloziella rubella, Riccia glauca, Plagiochyla porelloides are the minor components of briogroup sand take place in their structure occasionally.

The associations where liverworts are diagnostic species have been characterized and the phytocoenotic tables are given for the first time.

Plant community ordination by means of multidimensional scaling has been carried out to reveal optimum ways of preliminary transformation of data and the similarity/dissimilarity mesure, to identify multidimensional dimantions in terms of edafic properties and phytoindicator scales and to reveal character of interrelations of matrixes of plant community, phytoindicator scales and edafic properties. The received results testify that edafic and climatic scales matrixes bear the complementary information on edaphotop properties and possibly climatop. Most possibly that climatic scales at large-scale level bear the specific information on properties of environment. It is difficult to confirm, whether character of this information to adequate nominative properties of a scale at macrolevel is. But with confidence it is possible to say that climatic phytoindicator scales allow to differentiate ecological conditions in biogeocoenosis at large-scale level. Thus, at the given stage we tend to phenomenological interpretation of value of climatic phytoindicator scales at large-scale level.

The authors analyzed phitosystems morphology in geologic nature monument «Slantsevi Skeli»based on a full description of vegetation components. The analysis revealed the domination of xeromorphic herbs and turf grasses in vegetation. It also allowed to indicate synmorphotypes of plant communities and described their most common forms. This article presents varieties of synmorphological vegetation groups and their schematic graphics. Typical for this area synmorphotypes of plant communities were differentiated and selected. It should be noted that the differentiation of vegetation synmorphotypes determined by ecotopic conditions.

Park's Dendroflora includes 115 species (101 kultigenofits, 14 spontanofits) and 9 decorative forms of plants from 77 genera and 40 families. This variety is higher than in the most of reserve parks dendroflora in the Odessa region. Leading families are Rosaceae (22,8 % of species), Pinaceae, Aceraceae, Oleaceae, Vitaceae, Cupressaceae (from 7.0 to 4,4 %), leading genera are Acer (7 species) and Rosa (6 species). Among the 12 life-forms (after I.G.Serebryakov) deciduous upright trees (52 species, 46,6 %) and shrubs (33 species, 28,9 %) are dominating. Though Circumboreal ranges are dominant (37,7 %), Asian (24,6 %) and North American (23,7 %) elements play significant role. 15 plant species included in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We propose to include the park in the natural reserve fund of the Odessa region in the category of "park-monument of landscape art of local significance."